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<title>Legitimation</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Legitimation</span></span>

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<p><b>Legitimation</b>, <b>legitimization</b> (<a href="US_English" class="mw-redirect" title="US English">US</a>), or <b>legitimisation</b> (<a href="UK_English" class="mw-redirect" title="UK English">UK</a>) is the act of providing <a href="Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a>. Legitimation in the <a href="Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a> refers to the process whereby an act, process, or <a href="Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> becomes legitimate by its attachment to <a href="Norm_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (sociology)">norms</a> and <a href="Values" class="mw-redirect" title="Values">values</a> within a given <a href="Society" title="Society">society</a>. It is the process of making something acceptable and normative to a group or <a href="Audience" title="Audience">audience</a>.

</p><p><a href="Legitimate_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimate power">Legitimate power</a> is the right to exercise control over others by virtue of the <a href="Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> of one's superior organizational position or status.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Power_and_influence">Power and influence</h2></div>

<p>The legitimation of <a href="Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a> can be understood using <a href="Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>'s traditional bases of power. In a <a href="Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>, individuals gain legitimate power through positions that are widely recognized as granting authority. There is no inherent right to wield power. For example, a president can exercise power and authority because the position is fully legitimated by society as a whole.

In another example, if an individual attempts to convince others that something is "right," they can invoke generally accepted arguments that support their <a href="Political_agenda" title="Political agenda">agenda</a>. <a href="Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Advocacy groups</a> must legitimate their courses of action based on invoking specific <a href="Social_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Social norms">social norms</a> and values. Invoking these norms and values allows the group to proceed in a rational and coherent manner with the expectation that their subsequent behavior is legitimated by the norms and values which guide their organizations.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audience-based_view">Audience-based view</h2></div>

<p><a href="Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociologists</a> and organizational <a href="Ecology" title="Ecology">ecologists</a> have shown that legitimation originates from consensus among certain agents (an audience) on which features and behaviors of an actor (a candidate) should be viewed as appropriate and desirable within a widespread system of social codes.<sup id="cite_ref-Zuckerman1999_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuckerman1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An audience-based theory of legitimation posits that various social audiences develop expectations about what organizations can or should do and accordingly evaluate organizational action. Candidate organizations that pass the code test are legitimated in the social environment. One of the consequences is that they enjoy greater survival.<sup id="cite_ref-Hannan2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannan2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early elaborations of this idea include attempts to understand the variations of codes across different audiences;<sup id="cite_ref-Pontikes2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pontikes2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the impact of code violation on organizational performance;<sup id="cite_ref-Monin2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monin2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the role of the network connecting social actors and their audiences in shaping the formation and operation of social codes.<sup id="cite_ref-Cattani2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cattani2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_law">Family law</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">Legitimacy (family law)</a></div>

<p><i>Legitimation</i> can also be used as a legal term where a father of a <a href="Illegitimate_child" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegitimate child">child born out of wedlock</a> becomes the child's legal father. Prior to legitimation, the child is said to be illegitimate. Once a child has been legitimated, he or she is entitled to such benefits as ordained by law as he or she would if that man had been married to the child's mother at the time of the child's birth. (Some benefits are still withheld under various systems, such as the <a href="British_peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="British peerage">British peerage</a>.) The father is responsible for providing support to the child and the child is entitled to inherit from the father.

</p><p>While legitimation can be as simple as a statement by the father, in some jurisdictions the father must officially <a href="Recognition_(family_law)" title="Recognition (family law)">recognise</a> the child. This option is typically also available to non-biological fathers ("social fathers").

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canon_law">Canon law</h2></div>

<p>Legitimation is a term in <a href="Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> to remove the <a href="Canonical_irregularity" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical irregularity">canonical irregularity</a> of <a href="Illegitimacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegitimacy">illegitimacy</a> for candidates for the priesthood.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Delegitimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegitimization">Delegitimization</a></li>

<li><a href="Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li>

<li><a href="Legitimation_crisis" title="Legitimation crisis">Legitimation crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli#Beliefs" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavellianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization (psychology)</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbolic_violence" title="Symbolic violence">Symbolic violence</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Zuckerman1999-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zuckerman1999_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zuckerman, E. W. (1999) “The categorical imperative: Securities analysts and the legitimacy discount.” <a href="American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a>, 104: 1398-1438.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Hannan2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hannan2007_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannan, M. T., L. Pólos, and G. R. Carroll (2007) Logics of Organization Theory: Audiences, Codes, and Ecologies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Pontikes2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pontikes2012_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pontikes, E. (2012) "Two Sides of the Same Coin: How Ambiguous Classification Affects Multiple Audiences' Evaluations," Administrative Science Quarterly, 57(1) 81-118.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Monin2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monin2007_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monin Philippe, Duran Rodolphe, Rao Hayagreeva (2007). Code and conduct in French cuisine: Impact of code changes on external evaluations. Strategic Management Journal, 28 (5).</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Cattani2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cattani2008_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cattani, G., Ferriani, S., Negro, G & F. Perretti (2008) “The Structure of Consensus: Network Ties, Legitimation and Exit Rates of U.S. Feature Film Producer Organizations”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 2008, 53(2): 145-182. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByE7rCUuloTld2M2SUpkREx4c2s/edit?usp=sharing">[1]</a></span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Legitimation"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Legitimation">"Legitimation" </a></span>. <i><a href="Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite></span>

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